Rules and Contingencies

"No rule can be derived from the contingencies... We need a separate term only to describe the deriving of a rule from the contingencies." B. F. Skinner (1974), pp. 148-49

Among the era of dubious mentalism and chaotic postmodernism, when it comes to engaging in rules and contingencies, we tend to be the extremes: i.e., deductive, or inductive, hardly giving any thought to abduction, the third, long-forgotten recourse for us to have for the issue of rules and contingencies.
　According to Skinner, the heart of induction is; First there was contingencies (=chance), then when human learned to reason or infer, rules were derived from the contingencies. What he obviously says above is that rules cannot emerge by itself. It means that we use our inferences to describe what seems regularly to happen in nature. This is pure principle of science.
Further, Skinner also says, "The extraction of rules was evidently a secondary stage" (p. 150). The initial stage, contingent characteristics of nature, is, what I think falls to behavorist's lot since we are moved to seek order in chaos, intending desperately and intuitively to foresighted validity and objectivity. This looks to me very much similar to the heart of Peirce's abduction. ao

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On Our Two Sexes

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) lived his life in 19th-century Germany. Although his thoughts and philosophy is very hard for us who lives in 21th-century Japan, and it is too dense to understand, recently I found an interesting verse delivered by Zarathustra (1885), "The happiness of man is, ' I will.' The happiness of woman is, ' He will'" (p. 1174 in Kinddle). This line has apparently been understood as a controversy of men's (or his) insolubility in women, which I do not like to participate here. In addition, the snap judgment of his would be subject to criticism from feminist theory and politicalization in many ways than one. Incidentally, however, there is no denial of interpreting this idea from the point of view of natural science. Male sex drives. The strength of man comes from his weakness, want . Further, men simply believe that hiding their weakness must lead to their own happines...

KARA'S TEAR REVIEWED Kara was an anomalistic artificial intelligence which emitted a desire to survive. Yet, in the real world (2019), nothing is evidenced whether the machines' feeling, as well as animals, is authentic. Having seen this exquisite short film (2012) again, my interest is not in ‘AIs’ that will sooner or later threat us but in the human who will no wonder do an impact exactly when the Wreck Havoc occurs. Men tend to think AIs with IC tips are a threat (like humanoids) because they will become wiser than us in the near future. Contrary, the more realistic tipping point might be in our brain (e.g., right temporoparietal junction, rTPJ): the human social skill, shortly, our fallacious compassion for AIs. How many people will soon become more compassionate being against the increasing ‘AIs,’ as of that in the censor in this short film? The truth is, Japan has already witnessed many such cases in elderly welfa...

CHANGE!

Kurt Lewin is a founder of dynamic collective power (group dynamics) operating on individual's subtly wavering behavior, mind, and life-space. His equation of behavior, B = ｆ (P, E), which was a hypothesis created by his thorough investigations, tells us that B (behavior) is nothing more or less than a function of the P (person) in their E (environment). This is a beginning of social psychology. A sincere reflection on empirical study was made by this evocative psychologist; “There is no theory without practice and no practice without theory.” However, the entire process of practicing and theory making might have never been fulfilled without his belief about people, i.e., they can CHANGE. ao

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